Automobiles are powered by internal combustion engines that burn gasoline, diesel fuel or kerosene to create the force needed for them to drive. They are driven by a system of gears and chains or belts that connect the engine to a crank that drives a series of wheels to move the car forward or backward. An automobile also contains a chassis, bodywork, electrical equipment and service devices. Many manufacturers have employed research and development engineers to continually improve the engine, chassis, transmission, safety systems, electrical devices and services. The automobile is now the most widely used mode of transportation in the world.
The invention and perfecting of the automobile was first accomplished in Germany and France toward the end of the 1800s by such men as Gottlieb Daimler, Karl Benz and Nicolaus Otto. The 1901 Mercedes, designed by Wilhelm Maybach, is regarded as the first modern motorcar in terms of its design and speed. The American automotive industry quickly came to dominate the market in large part because of its vast land area, a population that was far more evenly spread than in Europe and inexpensive raw materials.
During the early twentieth century, American automakers innovated new production techniques that allowed them to mass produce cars and sell them at relatively affordable prices. The three major automakers became household names and the American automobile culture was born. The industry was also influenced by its role in the growth of urban centers and the need for vehicles to travel long distances for work or pleasure.
As the automotive industry grew, dozens of spin-off industries sprang up. Demand for vulcanized rubber exploded, and highway construction jobs were created to keep pace with the increased traffic. Environmental concerns, however, began to grow as the automobile became a primary source of air pollution and toxic gas emissions.
While having a car can provide great convenience, there are also several drawbacks to its use. Automobiles can cause accidents and injury if they are not properly maintained or operated. They can also pollute the environment if there are too many of them in a small area like a city. In addition, they can slow down the movement of other people through the streets by creating congestion. This is why many places where people live close together have public transportation systems such as buses, passenger trains, trams and subways.
While the automobile has become a central part of America’s lifestyle, it is beginning to be replaced by newer technology such as electronic media, the laser and the computer. While the automobile is still a significant force in society, it has evolved from being an instrument of progress to one of recreation and leisure.